Reference points

In the decision-making model, the system of reference points sets out which past events, documents and actions can serve as points of orientation in the present decision situation.

The concept in brief

In the decision-making model, when examining reference points, criteria and viewpoints, we always start by taking stock of the reference points.
Examining reference points works even without another party; its method is drawing analogies: doing what we have done before, or at least thinking through the previous similar situation.
Reference points are always to be found in the past: earlier practice, rules made earlier, people’s earlier actions, an identity defined earlier.
The model contains a total of 14 reference points in four categories.

Figure

1. Practice

1.1 Best practice
1.2 Proved practice

2. Rules

2.1 Mandatory (cogent) rule
2.2 Dispositive rule
2.3 Instruction
2.4 Standard
2.5 Earlier agreements

3. Earlier actions of relevant actors

3.1 Owner
3.2 Managing director
3.3 Leader
3.4 Benchmark
3.5 External client

4. Company identity and concept

4.1 Identity
4.2 Concept

Reference points · Redrawn from page 121 of the Book of Concepts; labels translated.

Related terms

criterion
viewpoint
decision